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A |     A South Korean company has begun production at a huge new solar panel factory in Georgia even as industry leaders say surging Asian imports could dampen efforts to make more solar components in the United States.Qcells, a unit of South Korea’s Hanwha Group, said Wednesday that it can now turn out enough solar panels to generate 5.1 gigawatts of power yearly at a two-factory complex in the northwest Georgia city of Dalton. That's almost 40% of U.S. solar panel capacity, according to figures from the Solar Energy Industries Association. Qcells' opened its first factory in 2019 and an even larger plant in phases since, what the company describes as the largest solar investment in American history. “It’s another milestone as we as a company really strive to become a global leader and a U.S. leader in solar manufacturing," said Scott Moskowitz, Qcells head of market strategy and public affairs, speaking with The Associated Press after a plant tour Monday.The company says its new plant is the first solar module factory in the U.S. to begin production since passage of President Joe Biden’s signature climate legislation. Qcells' $208 million investment again shows how federal incentives are spurring a nationwide boom in renewable energy and electric vehicles.Industry jitters about a flood of cheap solar panels from overseas show how dependent on federal policy the solar industry remains. That's a threat in part because former President Donald Trump, the frontrunner for the 2024 Republican nomination, is hostile to renewable energy.Qcells leaders say the new plant showcases more efficient equipment and processes, part of a much larger investment intended to bring key steps in solar manufacturing to the U.S. A solar panel, or module, is assembled from solar cells most commonly made from wafers cut from ingots of polysilicon. Today, the company's solar cells are imported from Asia. But 30 miles (50 kilometers) south of Dalton in Cartersville, Qcells is building a $2.3 billion complex to take polysilicon refined in Washington state and make ingots, wafers and solar cells — in addition to 3.3 gigawatts of solar modules. That plant is scheduled to open in phases starting next year.Currently, no silicon ingots or wafers are made in the U.S. But Biden's Inflation Reduction Act, besides offering a extra tax credit on American-made solar equipment, lets manufacturers earn incentives for every unit of polysilicon they refine and every wafer, cell and module they make. For example, Qcells earns a tax credit of 7 cents per watt for every panel it makes in Dalton, or $34.30 for every 490-watt residential panel made.Even with that boost, solar industry leaders warn, factories will struggle to compete with a new spike in cheap Asian imports. They're again urging federal officials to investigate whether solar panels are being dumped at unfairly low prices. Previous investigations have led to anti-dumping tariffs on panels made in China and Taiwan.U.S. officials shouldn't regard the spike as a normal market fluctuation, said Mike Carr, executive director of the Solar Energy Manufacturers for America Coalition, a group that includes Qcells. He argues Chinese component makers are pushing out cheap modules from southeast Asian factories, tanking panel prices to ensure Chinese dominance and smother U.S. manufacturing.“This is likely to be the No. 1 new energy source in the 21st century," Carr said. "It’s already cheaper than pretty much anything else to install. It is the path to meeting our climate goals. So I think it becomes a real national security kind of concern. The way OPEC is in oil markets, we don’t want to allow China to become that same controller of supply in solar.”Qcells sees current low prices as a “near-term challenge" in achieving economies of scale and serving a long-term market, Moskowitz said. Beyond trade policy, he said, requiring federal agencies to buy American-made products and promoting panels produced with fewer carbon emissions could bolster Qcells.Politics envelops the solar industry. Vice President Kamala Harris visited the plant earlier this year. At the state level, Republican Gov. Brian Kemp has wrestled with Democratic U.S. Sen. Jon Ossoff over political credit for electric vehicle and renewable energy investments flowing to Georgia. “Out of all the places Qcells could have gone, they chose to operate and expand here in Georgia because of our unrivaled assets and the competitive package we put together,” Kemp said in a statement.Ossoff and fellow Georgia Democratic Sen. Raphael Warnock note they authored the component incentives that benefit Qcells, emphasizing federal policy. “Our state is emerging as the advanced energy capital of the nation, thanks to federal infrastructure and manufacturing policies that are benefiting Georgia more than any other state,” Ossoff said in a statement.Qcells, for its part, praises both state and federal assistance.“To build these markets up and to have them work, you need a whole government approach," Moskowitz said.。    本文来自微信公众号：金捷幡，作者：金捷幡，题图来自：AI生成                    物理学的降维打击链，是从宇宙最高维的理论一路退化。                   它每退化一步，越接近人类的观察和对世界的理解。                   但可悲的是，即使退化到最下面一层的经典理论，也有99%的人并不能真正懂。                   这注定了大多数人是“愚蠢”的，那你是不是那1%呢？                    第1层：M（膜）理论                    维度：11维                    降维：膜是多条弦凝聚而成，把它卷成圈或压成线或用其它投影这一维的方法，它会退化成弦论。

B |                    第2层： 弦论                    维度： 10维                    降维： 10维=3D空间+1D时间+6D卡拉比–丘流形（这个丘是丘成桐）。

C |                    实数6D其实是复数的3D，是凡夫俗子看不到的微观高能世界，其几何性质决定了我们宇宙的基本粒子种类和物理常数，每个不同的卡拉比–丘流形对应一种不同的宇宙。                   这次降维忽略掉这紧致化的6D，剩下我们熟悉的4D低能世界。                   第3层：广义相对论                    维度：4维                    降维：弦论在低能极限下，退化成广义相对论。弦论中的闭弦振动模式恰好对应引力子（graviton）。这保证了广义相对论的时空曲率可以从弦的量子振动自然导出。                   广义相对论在时空平坦和无引力时，退化成狭义相对论。                   第3.5层：狭义相对论                    维度：4维                    狭义相对论在物体远低于光速时，退化成牛顿力学。                   第4层：牛顿力学                    维度：3+1维                    你真的懂牛顿力学吗？（这里假装你懂绝对时空观。）                    第2层弦论降维后，低能极限下看到的是连绵的表面（广义相对论的连续时空），在高能极限下看到的则是一堆跳舞的弦（粒子）。                   弦长逼近0，从振动退化成点粒子，引出了第三层的其它候选人之一：量子场论。

D |                    第3层：量子场论                    维度：4维                    通常认为量子场论由量子杨-米尔斯理论（规范玻色子场）+希格斯机制+费米子场理论组成。

E |                    在一定条件下，量子场论退化成量子电动力学。                   第3.5层：量子电动力学，1954版杨-米尔斯理论                    维度：4维                    在低能和非相对论极限情况下，量子电动力学退化成麦克斯韦方程。本身就是麦克斯韦扩展出的杨-米尔斯理论当然也能退化成麦克斯韦方程。                   第4层：麦克斯韦方程                    维度：3+1维                    （这个大学生通常假装表示懂。）                    众所周知，杨-米尔斯理论中的杨指杨振宁。                   对比上面两个降维路径，我们当然认为杨老绝对应该是可比肩爱因斯坦宗师级的人物，但是…                    可惜……                    最早的1954年版杨-米尔斯理论预测传递力的粒子质量为0，但二十年前汤川秀树就证明介子质量不是零，所以杨-米理论被一杆子打入冷宫。关键是杨老自己也解释不了为什么，虽然从数学上看这些偏微分方程是美妙的。                   如何将经典杨-米尔斯理论应用到量子场论，是个极其复杂的数学过程。在1970年代上半叶，科学家们终于发明了一系列高深的数学工具，他们开始相信杨-米尔斯理论的正确性，并建立了夸克模型和预言了胶子的存在，这替代了汤川那宏观层面的介子。到1979年无质量的胶子被对撞机发现，杨-米尔斯理论彻底“复活”并戴上皇冠。                   但是，老版本的杨-米尔斯理论描述的是一个“经典”宇宙中的场--平滑、连续、确定性的。把经典场公式量子化，在数学上极为困难。复活该理论的物理学家创造了一些黑魔法工具来实现其在量子尺度的可计算性，但是这都建立在未被证明的数学结构上。                   到今天为止，构建量子化杨-米尔斯的数学基础仍不成功，它是被克莱研究所悬赏百万美金的千禧年难题中号称最难的一个。                   从类似角度看，我个人觉得同样可惜的是希尔伯特。

F | 希尔伯特以一己之力做出完整广义相对论的数学解和量子力学的数学基础（希尔伯特空间）。虽然他在数学界是绝对的宗师中的宗师，但在大众眼里根本不知道他是谁。

G |                    正相反，数学不算优秀的爱因斯坦，依靠敏锐的物理直觉和洞察力，在数学上采取拿来主义，抢先于庞加莱和希尔伯特摘了大桃子。也许，数学水平的限制也是他后半生致力于大一统理论失败的主要原因之一。                   对比牛顿爵爷自己发明数学工具自己提出物理体系，我现在觉得爱因斯坦只能排在后面。                   本文来自微信公众号：金捷幡，作者：金捷幡。

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Published on:04:18:09